关于对象池的设计及实现
发表于2019-03-19
都知道对象池在减少内存开销上的作用,那在本篇中我们就和大家探讨下关于对象池的设计以及实现。
对象池模型创建并拥有固定数量的对象,当程序需要一个新的对象时,如果对象池中有空闲对象,则立即返回,否则才创建新的该类对象。当一个对象不再被使用时,其应该应该将其放回对象池,以便后来的程序使用。由于系统资源有限,一个对象池模型应该指定其可容纳的最大对象数量。当达到该数量时,如果仍然有对象创建请求,则抛出异常或者阻塞当前调用线程,直到一个对象被放回对象池中。
对象池模型适用的场景:
- 需要使用大量对象
- 这些对象的实例化开销比较大且生存期比较短
对象池优势:
一个对象池可以在可容忍时间内创建成功并投入使用。但是创建对象时并不总是这样,尤其是当这些对象的创建过程比较耗时,而且创建和销毁频率又比较大时更是如此。比如数据库连接、网络套接字连接、线程对象、诸如字体或位图等图像对象等。
实现:
假设有如下类定义:
class Object { public: Object(const string& name) : name_(name) { printf("Construct Object[%p] %s.\n", this, name_.c_str()); } ~Object() { printf("~Destruct Object[%p] %s.\n", this, name_.c_str()); } const string& key() const { return name_; } private: string name_; };
如下对象池类的设计,用来提供Object类对象,分为2个版本介绍:(注意,如下仅考虑了对象池本身所涉及的特性,没有涉及同步控制机制)
版本1:
class ObjectPool { public: boost::shared_ptr<Object> get(const string& key) { boost::shared_ptr<Object> pObject; boost::weak_ptr<Object>& k_object = objects_[key]; pObject = k_object.lock(); if (!pObject) { pObject.reset(new Object(key), boost::bind(&ObjectPool::releaseObject, this, _1)); k_object = pObject; } return pObject; } private: void releaseObject(Object* object) { printf("releaseObject[%p].\n", object); if (object) { objects_.erase(object->key()); } delete object; } std::map<string, boost::weak_ptr<Object> > objects_; };
ObjectPool的get函数返回map中key对应的Object对象。如果该对象不存在,则新建一个Object,将其放入map中,然后返回这个新建的Object。同时,重置shared_ptr(新增Object对象)时指定析构器releaseObject,使得对象析构时执行releaseObject(object);
但是上述实现存在一个问题:
将this传入bind函数中,如果ObjectPool对象先于Object对象析构了,那么在析构Object对象时,如何调用releaseObject函数呢?(因为releaseObject函数属于ObjectPool类)
版本2:
class ObjectPool : public boost::enable_shared_from_this<ObjectPool> { public: boost::shared_ptr<Object> get(const string& key) { boost::shared_ptr<Object> pObject; boost::weak_ptr<Object>& k_object = objects_[key]; pObject = k_object.lock(); if (!pObject) { pObject.reset(new Object(key), boost::bind(&ObjectPool::releaseObject, shared_from_this(), _1)); k_object = pObject; } return pObject; } private: void releaseObject(Object* object) { printf("releaseObject[%p].\n", object); if (object) { objects_.erase(object->key()); } delete object; } std::map<string, boost::weak_ptr<Object> > objects_; };
要解决版本1中的问题,只需增加ObjectPool的寿命就可以了。可以利用boost::enable_shared_from_this模板类中的shared_from_this(),如此可以将this转换为shared_ptr<ObjectPool>。如此,由于bind是值传递语义,因此其必然保存一份shared_ptr<ObjectPool>的副本,可以保证shared_ptr的引用计数不为0。
测试用例:
// object_pool.cc #include <map> #include <boost/bind.hpp> #include <boost/enable_shared_from_this.hpp> #include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp> #include <boost/weak_ptr.hpp> #include <stdio.h> using std::string; const int MAXNUM = 5; // the largest amounts of objects int nums = 0; // the current amounts of objects class Object { public: Object(const string& name) : name_(name) { printf("Construct Object[%p] %s.\n", this, name_.c_str()); } ~Object() { printf("~Destruct Object[%p] %s.\n", this, name_.c_str()); } const string& key() const { return name_; } private: string name_; }; namespace version1 { class ObjectPool { public: boost::shared_ptr<Object> get(const string& key) { boost::shared_ptr<Object> pObject; boost::weak_ptr<Object>& k_object = objects_[key]; pObject = k_object.lock(); if (!pObject) { ++nums; BOOST_ASSERT(nums <= MAXNUM); pObject.reset(new Object(key), boost::bind(&ObjectPool::releaseObject, this, _1)); k_object = pObject; } return pObject; } private: void releaseObject(Object* object) { printf("releaseObject[%p].\n", object); if (object) { --nums; objects_.erase(object->key()); } delete object; } std::map<string, boost::weak_ptr<Object> > objects_; }; } namespace version2 { class ObjectPool : public boost::enable_shared_from_this<ObjectPool> { public: boost::shared_ptr<Object> get(const string& key) { boost::shared_ptr<Object> pObject; boost::weak_ptr<Object>& k_object = objects_[key]; pObject = k_object.lock(); if (!pObject) { ++nums; BOOST_ASSERT(nums <= MAXNUM); pObject.reset(new Object(key), boost::bind(&ObjectPool::releaseObject, shared_from_this(), _1)); k_object = pObject; } return pObject; } private: void releaseObject(Object* object) { printf("releaseObject[%p].\n", object); if (object) { --nums; objects_.erase(object->key()); } delete object; } std::map<string, boost::weak_ptr<Object> > objects_; }; } int main() { boost::shared_ptr<version1::ObjectPool> op1(new version1::ObjectPool); boost::shared_ptr<Object> object1 = op1->get("object1"); boost::shared_ptr<Object> object2 = op1->get("object2"); boost::shared_ptr<Object> object3 = op1->get("object3"); boost::shared_ptr<Object> object4 = op1->get("object4"); boost::shared_ptr<Object> object5 = op1->get("object5"); boost::shared_ptr<Object> object6 = op1->get("object5"); //boost::shared_ptr<version2::ObjectPool> op2(new version2::ObjectPool); //boost::shared_ptr<Object> object7 = op2->get("object2"); //boost::shared_ptr<Object> object8 = op2->get("object2"); return 0; } // output Construct Object[003e1060] object1. Construct Object[003e10e0] object2. Construct Object[003e1160] object3. Construct Object[003e11e0] object4. Construct Object[003e1260] object5. releaseObject[003e1260]. ~Destruct Object[003e1260] object5. releaseObject[003e11e0]. ~Destruct Object[003e11e0] object4. releaseObject[003e1160]. ~Destruct Object[003e1160] object3. releaseObject[003e10e0]. ~Destruct Object[003e10e0] object2. releaseObject[003e1060]. ~Destruct Object[003e1060] object1.
以上的内容是关于对象池的设计与实现的全部内容,如果还想再深入的了解对象池,可以参考《深入理解对象池技术》。